IIt is thought that about two in three smokers want to drop the deadly habit, and rightly – the same proportion is believed to die prematurely because of smoking. Across the world, the habit kills more than 6 million people a year.
However, quitting is notoriously difficult. Smoking tobacco is an addictive habit that the Royal College of Physicians in the UK compared to addiction to heroin and cocaine.
But that does not mean there's nothing we can do. Evidence suggests that increasing tobacco taxation is the most effective way to reduce tobacco use. These taxes, recommended by the World Health Organization and the World Bank, increase the price of tobacco products in stores, reducing their affordability – a situation that encourages smokers to stop smoking and prevents others from assuming the principle.
Taxation is particularly important because low-income smokers are less likely to respond to many other anti-smoking campaigns and regulations designed to encourage cessation. However, these smokers, including many young people, are the most sensitive to price increases.
If addiction alone was not enough, an additional challenge to get rid of the habit is that tobacco companies simply do not want smokers to give up. They do not want to lose their customers and the substantial profits they provide.
It is therefore not surprising that the tobacco industry has a well-documented history of undermining regulations that seek to control the use and sale of tobacco for the benefit of public health. For example, the largest tobacco companies have continued to market cigarettes to children around the world, although they claim not to, and often in places where advertising is prohibited. In the United Kingdom, where tobacco advertising is banned, Philip Morris International effectively circumvented the ban with its recently launched "stop smoking" campaign, which in fact still promotes its tobacco products.
Paying a high price
While many of these tactics are obvious, some are more difficult to detect. Our latest research exposes another – how the tobacco industry's price tactics in the UK minimize the public health impact of tobacco tax increases.
Tobacco companies offer a range of cheaper products to help keep people smoking (and attract new consumers to get started), while offering a set of brands with higher prices to actually profit from those unable or unwilling to to give up
When tobacco taxes increase, they play on their prices to undermine the impacts of tobacco tax increases. They absorb tax increases, particularly on cheaper brands, by delaying and staggering the intended increases in the price of tobacco. In this way, price increases are gradually applied to their brand portfolio to ensure that smokers never face a sudden jump in price induction when the government raises taxes.
1/40 Creation of Neanderthals helped humans fight diseases
When migrating from Africa about 70,000 years ago, humans encountered the Neanderthals of Eurasia. While humans were weak to the diseases of the new lands, breeding with resident Neanderthals made for a better equipped immune system
PAN
2/40 Daily aspirin is unnecessary for elderly people in good health, study finds
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine has found that many seniors are taking aspirin daily with little or no benefit.
Getty
3/40 Vaping may lead to cancer, study says
A study conducted by the University of Minnesota's Center for Masonic Cancer found that the chemical compounds carcinogenic formaldehyde, acrolein and methylglyoxal are present in the saliva of users of electronic cigarettes.
Reuters
4/40 More children are obese and diabetic
There has been a 41% increase in children with type 2 diabetes since 2014, according to the National Pediatric Diabetes Audit. Obesity is one of the main causes of
Reuters
5/40 Most childhood antidepressants are ineffective and can lead to suicidal thoughts
Most antidepressants are ineffective and may be unsafe for children and adolescents with severe depression, experts warn. In what is the most comprehensive comparison of 14 antidepressant medications commonly prescribed to date, the researchers found that only one brand was more effective in relieving symptoms of depression than a placebo. Another popular drug, venlafaxine, has been shown to increase the risk of users engaging in suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts
Getty
6/40 Gay, lesbian and bisexual adults at highest risk for heart disease, study says
Researchers at Baptist Health South Florida Clinic in Miami focused on seven areas of controllable heart health and found that these minority groups were particularly prone to being smokers and having a controlled blood sugar level.
iStock
7/40 Breakfast cereals for children contain constantly high levels of sugar & # 39; since 1992, despite claims by producers
A large pressure group issued a new alert on dangerously high amounts of sugar in breakfast cereals, specifically those aimed at children, and said levels have barely been cut in the last two and a half decades.
Getty
8/40 The holes are making us fat, warns NHS watchdog
A new guideline from the National Institute for Health and Excellence in Care (NICE), the body that determines which treatment the NHS should fund, said the repairs and streets dominated by cars were contributing to the obesity epidemic by preventing members remain active.
PAN
9/40 New Menopause Drugs Offer Women Relief of "Debilitating" Hot Flashes
A new class of treatments for menopausal women is able to reduce the number of debilitating hot flashes by as much as three quarters in a matter of days, according to a study.
The drug used in the study belongs to a group known as NKB antagonists (blockers), which have been developed as a treatment for schizophrenia, but are "seated on an unused shelf," according to Professor Waljit Dhillo, a professor of endocrinology and metabolism.
REX
10/40 Doctors to prescribe more antidepressants for people with mental health problems, study finds
Research by Oxford University found that more than a million extra people suffering from mental health problems would benefit from drug prescribing and would criticize the "ideological" reasons doctors use to prevent it.
Getty
11/40 Student dies of flu after NHS advice to stay at home and avoid A & E
The family of a teenager who died of the flu has urged people not to delay the trip to A & E if they are worried about the symptoms. Melissa Whiteley, an 18-year engineering student at Hanford in Stoke-on-Trent, fell ill at Christmas and died in hospital a month later.
Just giving
12/40 Government to review thousands of harmful vaginal mesh implants
The government has committed to reviewing tens of thousands of cases in which women received harmful vaginal mesh implants.
Getty
13/40 Jeremy Hunt Announces "Zero Suicide Ambition" for the NHS
The NHS will be asked to go further to prevent the deaths of patients in their care as part of a "zero suicide ambition" being launched today.
Getty
14/40 Tests in humans begin with cancer treatment that prepares the immune system to kill tumors
Tests on humans have started with a new cancer therapy that can stimulate the immune system to eradicate tumors. The treatment, which functions in a vaccine-like manner, is a combination of two existing drugs, of which minute amounts are injected into the solid volume of a tumor.
Wikimedia Commons / Nephron
15/40 Babies' health suffers at birth near fracturing sites, finds large studies
Mothers living less than a kilometer from a fracture site are 25 percent more likely to have a child born with low birth weight, which increases their chances of asthma, ADHD, and other problems.
Getty
16/40 The NHS reviews thousands of cervical cancer smear tests after women
Thousands of cervical cancer screening results are being reviewed after the failures of a laboratory have meant that some women have received the incorrect information. Several women have already been instructed to contact their physicians after identifying "procedural issues" in the service provided by the Pathology Laboratory First.
REX
17/40 Potential key to halting the spread of breast cancer discovered by scientists
Most breast cancer patients do not die from their initial tumor, but secondary malignant tumors (metastases) where cancer cells are able to enter the blood and survive to invade new sites. Asparagine, a molecule called asparagus, where it was first identified in large quantities, has now proved to be an essential ingredient for tumor cells to gain these migratory properties.
Getty
18/40 NHS nursing placements at record level with more than 34,000 announced roles
A record number of nursing and midwifery positions are currently being announced by the NHS, with more than 34,000 vacancies currently vague, according to the most recent data. The demand for nurses was 19 percent higher between July and September 2017 than in the same period two years ago.
REX
19/40 Cannabis extract can provide "new class of treatment" for psychosis
CBD has a broadly opposite effect to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of cannabis and the substance that causes paranoia and anxiety.
Getty
20/40 More than 75,000 applications for signatures ask Virgin Care from Richard Branson to hand money from the settlements back to the NHS
Branson's company sued the NHS last year after losing a £ 82m contract to provide child health services in Surrey, citing concerns about "serious flaws" in the way the contract was awarded
PAN
21/40 More than 700 fewer nurses train in England in the first year after NHS withdrawal
The number of people accepted to study nursing in England fell by 3% in 2017, while the numbers accepted in Wales and Scotland, where the scholarships were held, rose 8.4% and 8%, respectively.
Getty
22/40 Reference study links conservative austerity to 120,000 deaths
The document found that there were 45,000 more deaths in the first four years of conservative-led efficiencies than would have been expected had funding remained at pre-election levels.
In that trajectory it could reach almost 200,000 excess deaths by the end of 2020, even with the extra funding that was earmarked for public sector services this year.
Reuters
23/40 Long journeys carry health risks
Displacement hours can be tedious and tedious, but new research shows that it can also be causing an adverse effect on health and work performance. The longer shifts also appear to have a significant impact on mental well-being, with those moving 33 percent more likely to suffer from depression.
Shutterstock
24/40 You can not be fit and fat.
It is not possible to have excess weight and health, concluded a new study important. The study of 3.5 million Britons found that even "metabolically healthy" obese still carry a higher risk of heart disease or stroke than those with a normal weight range.
Getty
25/40 Sleep deprivation
When you feel particularly exhausted, you may definitely feel that you are also lacking in brain power. Now a new study has suggested that this could occur because chronic sleep deprivation can actually cause the brain to eat
Shutterstock
26/40 Fitness classes offering 45 minutes of snooze
David Lloyd Gyms has launched a new health and fitness class that is essentially a group of people taking a nap for 45 minutes. The fitness group was encouraged to launch the "exercise" class after the survey revealed that 86 percent of the parents said they were fatigued. The class is, therefore, geared predominantly to the parents, but you do not have to have children to attend
Getty
27/40 "Fundamental health law" to be eliminated after Brexit, lawyers warn
Tobacco and alcohol companies could more easily win lawsuits, such as the recent battle over cigarette packaging, if the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights is abandoned, a lawyer and a professor of public health said.
Getty
28/40 "Thousands die" due to fear of non-existent side effects of statins
A major new study on the side effects of the cholesterol-lowering drug suggests that common symptoms such as muscle pain and weakness are not caused by the drugs themselves.
Getty
29/40 Babies born to parents under the age of 25 have a higher risk of autism
New research has found that babies born to parents under the age of 25 or over age 51 are at higher risk of developing autism and other social disorders. The study, conducted by the Seaver Center for Autism Research and Treatment at Mount Sinai, found that these children are actually more advanced than their peers as infants, but then fall behind when they reach adolescence.
Getty
30/40 Cycling to work "can halve the risk of cancer and heart disease"
Passengers exchanging their car or bus for a bicycle may reduce the risk of developing heart disease and cancer by almost half, new research suggests – but activists have warned that there is still an "urgent need" to improve road conditions for cyclists .
Cycling for work is linked to a lower risk of developing cancer by 45 percent and cardiovascular disease by 46 percent, according to a study of a quarter of a million people.
Walking to work also brought health benefits, researchers at the University of Glasgow found, but not to the same degree as cycling.
Getty
31/40 Playing Tetris in the hospital after a traumatic incident can prevent PTSD
The scientists conducted the survey on 71 car accident victims while awaiting treatment in the hospital and emergency department of a hospital. They asked half of the patients to briefly recall the incident and then play the classic computer game, the others received a written activity to complete. Researchers at the Karolinska Institute in Sweden and the University of Oxford found that patients who played Tetris reported fewer intrusive memories, commonly known as flashbacks, in the week that followed.
Rex
32/40 Vaping supported as a healthier nicotine alternative to cigarettes after the most recent study
Vaping was given a positive signal by health experts after the first long-term study of its effects on ex-smokers.
After six months, people who switched from real to e-cigarettes had far fewer toxins and cancer-causing substances in their bodies than continuous smokers, scientists have discovered
Getty
33/40 Common method of cooking rice may leave traces of arsenic in food, scientists warn
Millions of people are risking cooking their rice incorrectly, scientists warned.
Recent experiments have shown that a common method of cooking rice – simply boiling it in a pot until the water expires – can expose those who eat it to traces of arsenic poison, which contaminates rice as it grows as a result of industrial toxins and pesticides
Getty
34/40 Contraceptive gel that creates a "reversible vasectomy" proven effective in monkeys
An injectable contraceptive gel that acts as a "reversible vasectomy" is one step closer to being offered to men after successful tests on monkeys.
Vasalgel is injected into the vas deferens, the small duct between the testicles and the urethra. So far it has been found to prevent 100 percent of conceptions
Vasalgel
35/40 Change in work and heavy work may reduce women's fertility, study finds
Women who work at night or have irregular shifts may experience a decline in fertility, a new study finds.
Shift and night shift workers had fewer ova capable of developing into healthy embryos than those working at regular times during the day, according to researchers at Harvard University.
Getty
36/40 Japanese government says people stop working too hard
The Japanese government has announced measures to limit the amount of overtime employees can do – in an attempt to stop people from literally working to the death.
One-fifth of Japan's workforce is at risk of death from overwork, known as karoshi, as they work more than 80 extra hours a month, according to a government survey.
Getty
37/40 High Blood Pressure May Protect Over 80 Years of Dementia
It is well known that high blood pressure is a risk factor for dementia, so the results of a new study at the University of California, Irvine, are quite surprising. The researchers found that people who developed high blood pressure between the ages of 80-89 years are less likely to develop Alzheimer's disease (the most common form of dementia) in the next three years than people of the same age with normal blood pressure.
Getty
38/40 Universal Cancer Vaccine & # 39; advance stated by experts
Scientists have taken a "very positive step" toward creating a universal cancer vaccine that causes the body's immune system to attack tumors as if they were a virus, experts said. Writing in Nature, an international team of researchers described how they took parts of the genetic RNA code of cancer, placed them in tiny fat nanoparticles, and injected the mixture into the bloodstream of three patients in the advanced stages of the disease. The patients' immune system responded by producing "killer" T cells to attack cancer. The vaccine was also found to be effective in fighting "aggressive growth" tumors in mice, according to researchers, who were led by Professor Ugur Sahin of Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany.
Rex
39/40 Research shows that diabetes medicine can be used to prevent early signs of Parkinson's
Scientists in a new study show that early signs of Parkinson's may be disrupted. The UCL study is still in the research period, but the team is "excited." Today's Parkinson's drugs control the symptoms of the disease but end up not impeding your progression in the brain.
PAN
40/40 Drinking alcohol can reduce the risk of diabetes
A new study shows that drinking alcohol three to four days a week can reduce the risk of diabetes. Wine has been found to be most effective in reducing risk due to chemical compounds that balance blood sugar levels.
Getty
1/40 Creation of Neanderthals helped humans fight diseases
When migrating from Africa about 70,000 years ago, humans encountered the Neanderthals of Eurasia. While humans were weak to the diseases of the new lands, breeding with resident Neanderthals made for a better equipped immune system
PAN
2/40 Daily aspirin is unnecessary for elderly people in good health, study finds
A study published in the New England Journal of Medicine has found that many seniors are taking aspirin daily with little or no benefit.
Getty
3/40 Vaping may lead to cancer, study says
A study conducted by the University of Minnesota's Center for Masonic Cancer found that the chemical compounds carcinogenic formaldehyde, acrolein and methylglyoxal are present in the saliva of users of electronic cigarettes.
Reuters
4/40 More children are obese and diabetic
There has been a 41% increase in children with type 2 diabetes since 2014, according to the National Pediatric Diabetes Audit. Obesity is one of the main causes of
Reuters
5/40 Most childhood antidepressants are ineffective and can lead to suicidal thoughts
Most antidepressants are ineffective and may be unsafe for children and adolescents with severe depression, experts warn. In what is the most comprehensive comparison of 14 antidepressant medications commonly prescribed to date, the researchers found that only one brand was more effective in relieving symptoms of depression than a placebo. Another popular drug, venlafaxine, has been shown to increase the risk of users engaging in suicidal thoughts and suicide attempts
Getty
6/40 Gay, lesbian and bisexual adults at highest risk for heart disease, study says
Researchers at Baptist Health South Florida Clinic in Miami focused on seven areas of controllable heart health and found that these minority groups were particularly prone to being smokers and having a controlled blood sugar level.
iStock
7/40 Breakfast cereals for children contain constantly high levels of sugar & # 39; since 1992, despite claims by producers
A large pressure group issued a new alert on dangerously high amounts of sugar in breakfast cereals, specifically those aimed at children, and said levels have barely been cut in the last two and a half decades.
Getty
8/40 The holes are making us fat, warns NHS watchdog
A new guideline from the National Institute for Health and Excellence in Care (NICE), the body that determines which treatment the NHS should fund, said the repairs and streets dominated by cars were contributing to the obesity epidemic by preventing members remain active.
PAN
9/40 New Menopause Drugs Offer Women Relief of "Debilitating" Hot Flashes
A new class of treatments for menopausal women is able to reduce the number of debilitating hot flashes by as much as three quarters in a matter of days, according to a study.
The drug used in the study belongs to a group known as NKB antagonists (blockers), which have been developed as a treatment for schizophrenia, but are "seated on an unused shelf," according to Professor Waljit Dhillo, a professor of endocrinology and metabolism.
REX
10/40 Doctors to prescribe more antidepressants for people with mental health problems, study finds
Research by Oxford University found that more than a million extra people suffering from mental health problems would benefit from drug prescribing and would criticize the "ideological" reasons doctors use to prevent it.
Getty
11/40 Student dies of flu after NHS advice to stay at home and avoid A & E
The family of a teenager who died of the flu has urged people not to delay the trip to A & E if they are worried about the symptoms. Melissa Whiteley, an 18-year engineering student at Hanford in Stoke-on-Trent, fell ill at Christmas and died in hospital a month later.
Just giving
12/40 Government to review thousands of harmful vaginal mesh implants
The government has committed to reviewing tens of thousands of cases in which women received harmful vaginal mesh implants.
Getty
13/40 Jeremy Hunt Announces "Zero Suicide Ambition" for the NHS
The NHS will be asked to go further to prevent the deaths of patients in their care as part of a "zero suicide ambition" being launched today.
Getty
14/40 Tests in humans begin with cancer treatment that prepares the immune system to kill tumors
Tests on humans have started with a new cancer therapy that can stimulate the immune system to eradicate tumors. The treatment, which functions in a vaccine-like manner, is a combination of two existing drugs, of which minute amounts are injected into the solid volume of a tumor.
Wikimedia Commons / Nephron
15/40 Babies' health suffers at birth near fracturing sites, finds large studies
Mothers living less than a kilometer from a fracture site are 25 percent more likely to have a child born with low birth weight, which increases their chances of asthma, ADHD, and other problems.
Getty
16/40 The NHS reviews thousands of cervical cancer smear tests after women
Thousands of cervical cancer screening results are being reviewed after the failures of a laboratory have meant that some women have received the incorrect information. Several women have already been instructed to contact their physicians after identifying "procedural issues" in the service provided by the Pathology Laboratory First.
REX
17/40 Potential key to halting the spread of breast cancer discovered by scientists
Most breast cancer patients do not die from their initial tumor, but secondary malignant tumors (metastases) where cancer cells are able to enter the blood and survive to invade new sites. Asparagine, a molecule called asparagus, where it was first identified in large quantities, has now proved to be an essential ingredient for tumor cells to gain these migratory properties.
Getty
18/40 NHS nursing placements at record level with more than 34,000 announced roles
A record number of nursing and midwifery positions are currently being announced by the NHS, with more than 34,000 vacancies currently vague, according to the most recent data. The demand for nurses was 19 percent higher between July and September 2017 than in the same period two years ago.
REX
19/40 Cannabis extract can provide "new class of treatment" for psychosis
CBD has a broadly opposite effect to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the main active component of cannabis and the substance that causes paranoia and anxiety.
Getty
20/40 More than 75,000 applications for signatures ask Virgin Care from Richard Branson to hand money from the settlements back to the NHS
Branson's company sued the NHS last year after losing a £ 82m contract to provide child health services in Surrey, citing concerns about "serious flaws" in the way the contract was awarded
PAN
21/40 More than 700 fewer nurses train in England in the first year after NHS withdrawal
The number of people accepted to study nursing in England fell by 3% in 2017, while the numbers accepted in Wales and Scotland, where the scholarships were held, rose 8.4% and 8%, respectively.
Getty
22/40 Reference study links conservative austerity to 120,000 deaths
The document found that there were 45,000 more deaths in the first four years of conservative-led efficiencies than would have been expected had funding remained at pre-election levels.
In that trajectory it could reach almost 200,000 excess deaths by the end of 2020, even with the extra funding that was earmarked for public sector services this year.
Reuters
23/40 Long journeys carry health risks
Displacement hours can be tedious and tedious, but new research shows that it can also be causing an adverse effect on health and work performance. The longer shifts also appear to have a significant impact on mental well-being, with those moving 33 percent more likely to suffer from depression.
Shutterstock
24/40 You can not be fit and fat.
It is not possible to have excess weight and health, concluded a new study important. The study of 3.5 million Britons found that even "metabolically healthy" obese still carry a higher risk of heart disease or stroke than those with a normal weight range.
Getty
25/40 Sleep deprivation
When you feel particularly exhausted, you may definitely feel that you are also lacking in brain power. Now a new study has suggested that this could occur because chronic sleep deprivation can actually cause the brain to eat
Shutterstock
26/40 Fitness classes offering 45 minutes of snooze
David Lloyd Gyms has launched a new health and fitness class that is essentially a group of people taking a nap for 45 minutes. The fitness group was encouraged to launch the "exercise" class after the survey revealed that 86 percent of the parents said they were fatigued. The class is, therefore, geared predominantly to the parents, but you do not have to have children to attend
Getty
27/40 "Fundamental health law" to be eliminated after Brexit, lawyers warn
Tobacco and alcohol companies could more easily win lawsuits, such as the recent battle over cigarette packaging, if the European Union Charter of Fundamental Rights is abandoned, a lawyer and a professor of public health said.
Getty
28/40 "Thousands die" due to fear of non-existent side effects of statins
A major new study on the side effects of the cholesterol-lowering drug suggests that common symptoms such as muscle pain and weakness are not caused by the drugs themselves.
Getty
29/40 Babies born to parents under the age of 25 have a higher risk of autism
New research has found that babies born to parents under the age of 25 or over age 51 are at higher risk of developing autism and other social disorders. O estudo, conduzido pelo Centro de Autismo Seaver para Pesquisa e Tratamento no Monte Sinai, descobriu que essas crianças são na verdade mais avançadas que seus pares quando bebês, mas depois ficam para trás quando chegam à adolescência.
Getty
30/40 Andar de bicicleta para trabalhar "pode reduzir pela metade o risco de câncer e doenças cardíacas"
Os passageiros que trocam seu carro ou ônibus por uma bicicleta podem reduzir o risco de desenvolver doenças cardíacas e câncer em quase metade, sugere uma nova pesquisa – mas ativistas alertaram que ainda existe uma "necessidade urgente" de melhorar as condições das estradas para os ciclistas.
Ciclismo para o trabalho está ligado a um menor risco de desenvolver câncer em 45 por cento e doenças cardiovasculares em 46 por cento, de acordo com um estudo de um quarto de milhão de pessoas.
Caminhar para o trabalho também trouxe benefícios para a saúde, descobriram os pesquisadores da Universidade de Glasgow, mas não no mesmo grau que o ciclismo.
Getty
31/40 Jogar Tetris no hospital após um incidente traumático pode prevenir o TEPT
Os cientistas conduziram a pesquisa em 71 vítimas de acidentes de carro enquanto aguardavam tratamento no hospital e no departamento de emergência de um hospital. Eles pediram a metade dos pacientes para relembrar brevemente o incidente e, em seguida, jogar o clássico jogo de computador, os outros receberam uma atividade por escrito para completar. Os pesquisadores, do Instituto Karolinska, na Suécia, e da Universidade de Oxford, descobriram que os pacientes que jogaram Tetris relataram menos memórias intrusivas, comumente conhecidas como flashbacks, na semana que se seguiu.
Rex
32/40 Vaping apoiado como alternativa de nicotina mais saudável aos cigarros depois do mais recente estudo
Vaping foi dado um sinal positivo por especialistas em saúde após o primeiro estudo de longo prazo de seus efeitos em ex-fumantes.
Depois de seis meses, as pessoas que mudaram de real para e-cigarros tinham muito menos toxinas e substâncias causadoras de câncer em seus corpos do que os fumantes contínuos, descobriram cientistas
Getty
33/40 Método comum de cozinhar arroz pode deixar vestígios de arsênico na comida, alertam cientistas
Milhões de pessoas estão se arriscando ao cozinhar seu arroz de forma incorreta, alertaram cientistas.
Experiências recentes mostram que um método comum de cozinhar arroz – simplesmente fervendo-o em uma panela até que a água expire – pode expor aqueles que o comem a traços do veneno arsênico, que contamina o arroz enquanto ele cresce como resultado de toxinas industriais e pesticidas
Getty
34/40 Gel contraceptivo que cria "vasectomia reversível" comprovadamente eficaz em macacos
Um gel anticoncepcional injetável que age como uma "vasectomia reversível" está um passo mais próximo de ser oferecido aos homens após testes bem-sucedidos em macacos.
Vasalgel é injetado no ducto deferente, o pequeno ducto entre os testículos e a uretra. Até agora foi encontrado para impedir 100 por cento das concepções
Vasalgel
35/40 Mudança no trabalho e trabalho pesado podem reduzir a fertilidade das mulheres, segundo estudo
As mulheres que trabalham à noite ou fazem turnos irregulares podem experimentar um declínio na fertilidade, descobriu um novo estudo.
Trabalhadores do turno e da noite tinham menos óvulos capazes de se desenvolverem em embriões saudáveis do que aqueles que trabalham em horários regulares durante o dia, de acordo com pesquisadores da Universidade de Harvard.
Getty
36/40 Governo japonês diz para as pessoas pararem de trabalhar demais
O governo japonês anunciou medidas para limitar a quantidade de horas extras que os funcionários podem fazer – na tentativa de impedir que as pessoas trabalhem literalmente até a morte.
Um quinto da força de trabalho do Japão corre risco de morte por excesso de trabalho, conhecido como karoshi, já que eles trabalham mais de 80 horas extras por mês, de acordo com uma pesquisa do governo.
Getty
37/40 A hipertensão arterial pode proteger mais de 80 anos de demência
É bem sabido que a hipertensão arterial é um fator de risco para demência, por isso os resultados de um novo estudo da Universidade da Califórnia, em Irvine, são bastante surpreendentes. Os pesquisadores descobriram que as pessoas que desenvolveram pressão alta entre as idades de 80-89 anos têm menos probabilidade de desenvolver a doença de Alzheimer (a forma mais comum de demência) nos próximos três anos do que pessoas da mesma idade com pressão arterial normal.
Getty
38/40 'Universal vacina contra o câncer' avanço afirmado por especialistas
Os cientistas deram um "passo muito positivo" no sentido de criar uma vacina universal contra o câncer que faz o sistema imunológico do corpo atacar os tumores como se fossem um vírus, disseram especialistas. Writing in Nature, an international team of researchers described how they had taken pieces of cancer’s genetic RNA code, put them into tiny nanoparticles of fat and then injected the mixture into the bloodstreams of three patients in the advanced stages of the disease. The patients' immune systems responded by producing "killer" T-cells designed to attack cancer. The vaccine was also found to be effective in fighting “aggressively growing” tumours in mice, according to researchers, who were led by Professor Ugur Sahin from Johannes Gutenberg University in Germany
Rex
39/40 Research shows that diabetes drug can be used to stop first signs of Parkinson’s
Scientists in a new study show that the first signs of Parkinson’s can be stopped. The UCL study is still in its research period but the team are ‘excited’. Today’s Parkinson’s drugs manage the symptoms of the disease but ultimately do not stop its progression in the brain.
PAN
40/40 Drinking alcohol could reduce risk of diabetes
A new study shows that drinking alcohol three to four days a week could reduce the risk of diabetes. Wine was found to be most effective in reducing the risk due to the chemical compounds that balance blood sugar levels.
Getty
Further tactics adopted by the industry include shrinkflation – cutting the number of cigarettes in a pack to disguise price rises and prevent the cost of a packet of tobacco being tipped over certain psychological levels.
Reducing the number of cigarettes in a pack from 20 to 19, 18 or even 17, while keeping the price stable means the higher cost per cigarette isn’t immediately obvious to most smokers – and the producer can make greater profits.
The industry also used price marked packaging to limit the ability of retailers to increase their small markup on tobacco sales as a further way of keeping tobacco cheap. Sales of 10-cigarette packs increased and very small packs of loose tobacco (10g or less) were introduced. These small packets appeal to the most price sensitive smokers as they cost less to buy.
Such tactics and small packs have recently been banned in the UK with the introduction of standardised packaging (where tobacco has to be sold in a standardised format with drab packaging) but are still available elsewhere. The UK has also introduced a new minimum excise tax which puts the average price at over £10 for a packet of 20 cigarettes stopping the sale of ultra-cheap mainstream tobacco products.
Ultimately the tobacco industry wouldn’t be manipulating price if it wasn’t so effective in ensuring young people take up smoking and in preventing existing smokers from quitting. So what more can we do?
Stubbing it out
Further restricting industry use of pricing tactics would be a good option. Companies could be limited in the number of brands and brands variants they sell to cut down on the range of prices on offer, and in the number of times they can change prices in order to remove their ability to smooth prices and directly undermine the public health benefits of tax increases.
There is even a case for directly regulating tobacco prices in the same way that prices for public utility services, such as water and electricity are often determined by independent government agencies. Public utilities are important services, which is why the government looks to protect the public from company pricing choices – but then tobacco is a very addictive and deadly product where price matters too.
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Meanwhile, Bloomberg Philanthropies recently announced a $20m (£16m) investment to create Stop (Stopping Tobacco Organisations and Products) – a global tobacco industry watchdog to help expose more of these practices. The Tobacco Control Research Group at the University of Bath is one of three partners funded to lead this initiative.
The public can cannot afford to let the industry operate under the radar when the product they make kills two out of three long term users. This new partnership will serve as a necessary watchdog to expose their deadly tactics.
Anna Gilmore is a professor of public health and director of the Tobacco Control Research Group, J Robert Branston is a senior lecturer in business economics and Rosemary Hiscock is a research associate at the University of Bath. This article first appeared on The Conversation (theconversation.com)
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